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Refer to the extensive testing done on intake systems. That’s going to be the relative gain.
As it’s been said, GM did a very good job maximizing the entire system on the cars as-is. Even the truck 5.3L gains next to nothing with a pre-intake change N/A. Big headers show no gain to even a loss.
Add a cam, LT2 intake to the mix & you’ll see some gains.
O2 saturation being what it is at altitude the best way to compensate for this is forced induction. It’s physics & stuff.
What you’re really looking at is dynamic compression. What that means is you lose dynamic compression because static compression changes with altitude because of air mass loss as altitude increases (not in a linear fashion, but I digress) so the only way to change that is by changing the mass of Oxygen the engine receives every induction cycle (Mass/volume). This can be by chemical (nitrous) or physical (Supercharger) augmentation.
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